The larger and denser graupel is either suspended in the middle of the thunderstorm cloud or falls toward the lower part of the storm.The result is that the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes positively charged while the middle to lower part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes negatively charged.The upward motions within the storm and winds at higher levels in the atmosphere tend to cause the small ice crystals (and positive charge) in the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud to spread out horizontally some distance from the thunderstorm cloud base. If it takes a different path, it can appear to dance. © 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, © 2015- Lightning is a huge spark and takes place when clouds are charged to such a high potential (+ ve or – ve) with respect to earth or a neighbouring cloud that the dielectric strength of neighbouring medium (air) is destroyed. In the tropics, where the freezing level is generally higher in the atmosphere, only 10% of lightning flashes are CG. The best studied and understood form of lightning is cloud to ground (CG). The rate at which the return stroke current travels has been found to be around 100,000 km/s.The massive flow of electric current occurring during the return stroke combined with the rate at which it occurs (measured in microseconds) rapidly High-speed videos (examined frame-by-frame) show that most negative CG lightning flashes are made up of 3 or 4 individual strokes, though there may be as many as 30.Each re-strike is separated by a relatively large amount of time, typically 40 to 50 milliseconds, as other charged regions in the cloud are discharged in subsequent strokes. The main charging area in a thunderstorm occurs in the central part of the storm where air is moving upward rapidly (updraft) and temperatures range from −15 to −25 °C (5 to −13 °F); see Figure 1. As such, knowing flash propagation is similar amongst all forms of lightning, the best means to describe the process is through an examination of the most studied form, cloud to ground.In a process not well understood, a bidirectional channel of It is possible for one end of the leader to fill the oppositely-charged well entirely while the other end is still active. When the lowermost step comes within 150 feet (46 meters) of a positively charged object, it is met by a climbing surge of positive electricity, called a streamer, which can rise up through a building, a tree, or even a person. Ions between these two sources flow through the air and form a "path"in the air. Of the three primary types of lightning, it poses the greatest threat to life and property since it terminates or "strikes" the Earth. High-speed videos can show the attachment process in progress.Once a conductive channel bridges the air gap between the negative charge excess in the cloud and the positive surface charge excess below, there is a large drop in resistance across the lightning channel. Phys. XV International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, 15–20, June 2014.Newitz, A. Despite the popular misconception that these are positive lightning strikes due to them seemingly originating from the positive charge region, observations have shown that these are in fact negative flashes. Called step potentials, they are responsible for more injuries and deaths than the strike itself.The electric current of the return stroke averages 30 kiloamperes for a typical negative CG flash, often referred to as "negative CG" lightning. These factors include ground elevation, Because human beings are terrestrial and most of their possessions are on the Earth where lightning can damage or destroy them, CG lightning is the most studied and best understood of the three types, even though IC and CC are more common types of lightning. These include the The expression "Lightning never strikes twice (in the same place)" is similar to "Opportunity never knocks twice" in the vein of a "once in a lifetime" opportunity, Some political parties use lightning flashes as a symbol of power, such as the In French and Italian, the expression for "Love at first sight" is The lightning bolt is used to represent the instantaneous communication capabilities of electrically powered "Return stroke" redirects here. These strikes reverse the charge flow of typical lightning bolts and are far stronger and more destructive. The scientific community has long pondered the cause of lightning strikes. For reasons not well understood, bidirectional leaders tend to initiate on the tips of the decayed positive leaders in which the negative end attempts to re-ionize the leader network. Uman, Positive and bipolar lightning discharges to ground, in: Light.


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