Herodotus says they jumped up and were greatly amazed.Learning from a runner that the Phocians had not held the path, Leonidas called a Leonidas' actions have been the subject of much discussion.

For the 1962 film, see For a full discussion of the size of the Persian invasion force, see Barkworth, 1993. Herodotus writes that when After the battle, Xerxes was curious as to what the Greeks had been trying to do (presumably because they had had so few men) and had some Arcadian deserters interrogated in his presence. When Xerxes' soldiers passed through the narrow gap, they were killed by their opponents, who had longer spears and better armor.

Tearing down part of the wall, Xerxes ordered the hill surrounded, and the Persians rained down arrows until every last Greek was dead.The pass at Thermopylae was thus opened to the Persian army, according to Herodotus, at the cost to the Persians of up to 20,000 fatalities.When the Persians recovered Leonidas' body, Xerxes, in a rage, ordered that the body be After the Persians' departure, the Greeks collected their dead and buried them on the hill. This is too Still according to Herodotus, the Thebans, whose support for the cause of Greece was halfhearted, deserted their allies and surrendered. However, a glance at any photograph of the pass shows there are no cliffs, only steep slopes covered in thorny bushes and trees. Thermopylae, also known as Hot Gates, is a small region in Central Greece, carrying the legend and valor of a great and touching moment in Greek history. "Here they defended themselves to the last, those who still had swords using them, and the others resisting with their hands and teeth." First, he ordered 5,000 archers to shoot a barrage of arrows, but they were ineffective; they shot from at least 100 yards away, according to modern day scholars, and the Greeks' wooden shields (sometimes covered with a very thin layer of bronze) and bronze helmets deflected the arrows.According to Herodotus and Diodorus, the king, having taken the measure of the enemy, threw his best troops into a second assault the same day, the On the second day, Xerxes again sent in the infantry to attack the pass, "supposing that their enemies, being so few, were now disabled by wounds and could no longer resist.

Xerxes found the scout's reports of the size of the Greek force, and that the Spartans were indulging in Herodotus also describes Leonidas' reception of a Persian envoy. Thereupon the Spartans sent these men to Media for execution." Today, there's a reconstruction of the epitaph of the Spartan soldiers:Stranger, go tell the Spartans that here we are buried, obedient to their orders.There are also two modern monuments, one dedicated to Leonidas, one to the Thespians.This page was created in 2005; last modified on 10 August 2020.


Probably, this has been written with the benefit of hindsight: the Thebans later collaborated with the invader.It is more probable, however, that the Thebans at Thermopylae were fighting for Greece as well. In one line (Herodotus admits that he is puzzled. For this very reason he campaigned to gather allies and to prepare them for the impending war. Since the Greek strategy required both Thermopylae and Artemisium to be held, given their losses, it was decided to withdraw to Both ancient and modern writers have used the Battle of Thermopylae as an example of the power of a patriotic army defending its native soil. When Leonidas fell, a bitter struggle over his body broke out.

Only when these soldiers, the most anti-Persian men of After the death of Leonidas and the end of Theban resistance, the surviving Spartans and Thespians retreated to a small hill, where they were killed by Persian archers. Herodotus' colorful account of the battle has provided history with many apocryphal incidents and conversations away from the main historical events. The simultaneous naval Battle of Artemisium had been a tactical stalemate, and the Greek navy was able to retreat in good order to the Following Thermopylae, the Persian army proceeded to sack and burn Fearing the Greeks might attack the bridges across the Hellespont and trap his army in Europe, Xerxes now retreated with much of the Persian army back to Asia,Thermopylae is arguably the most famous battle in European ancient history, repeatedly referenced in ancient, recent, and The fame of Thermopylae is thus principally derived not from its effect on the outcome of the war but for the inspirational example it set.So almost immediately, contemporary Greeks saw Thermopylae as a critical moral and culture lesson. in Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica, section "Leonidas, son of Anaxandridas", saying 11Translation by William Shepherd, from the Cambridge series of translations by Greek and Roman authors.Credited writers for the film are: George St. George, Gian Paolo Callegari, Remigio Del Grosso, Giovanni d'Eramo, and Ugo Liberatore.Screenplay by Wendell Mayes, based on the novel "Incident at Muc Wa" by Daniel Ford.Translation by American historian, Professor J. Rufus Fears in his Ancient Greeks lectures for the The ambassador told Leonidas that Xerxes would offer him the kingship of all Greece if he joined with Xerxes. The Greeks were offered their freedom, the title "Friends of the Persian People", and the opportunity to re-settle on land better than that they possessed.The number of troops which Xerxes mustered for the second invasion of Greece has been the subject of endless dispute, most notably between ancient sources, which report very large numbers, and modern scholars, who surmise much smaller figures.


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