Air near the equator is heated and rises as indicated by the red arrows.Figure 22. Then, condensation--clouds and rain!The diagrams above and below portray just the Hadley cell circulation, that is driven by heating in the equatorial region. This figure show divergent and convergent winds as they related to Hadley cell circulation.Figure 27. Over the major parts of the Earth's surface there are large-scale wind circulations present. Each of these wind belts represents a "cell" that circulates air through the atmosphere from the surface to high altitudes and back again. You should view the short video on this so-called "effect" or "force." The rotation of the Earth is responsible for the Coriolis Effect which breaks the two large Hadley Cells into six smaller ones displayed as six red circles in this figure.Figure 25. material on the InTeGrate site is retained.InTeGrate's Earth-focused Modules and Courses for the Undergraduate Classroom These materials are part of a collection of classroom-tested modules and courses developed by InTeGrate. Then, condensation--clouds and rain!The diagrams above and below portray just the Hadley cell circulation, that is driven by heating in the equatorial region. A gradient of pressure (high to low) is formed that causes air to flow away from the high and towards the low pressure at the surface.The Earth would have two large Hadley cells, if it did not rotate. Each of these wind belts represents a "cell" that circulates air through the atmosphere from the surface to high altitudes and back again. The illustration below portrays the global wind belts, three in each hemisphere. Each of these wind belts represents a "cell" that circulates air through the atmosphere from the surface to high altitudes and back again. The final figure (Figure 26) shows all six cells diagrammatically, along with the pressure variations at the surface of the Earth and zones of typical wet and dry belts. Air near the equator is warmed and rises because it is less dense (mass/unit volume) than the air around it as shown in Figure 21 below.The rising air creates a circulation cell, called a Hadley Cell, in which the air rises and cools at high altitudes moves outward (towards the poles) and, eventually, descends back to the surface. Note particularly the dry belts near 30 degrees North and South.Authors: Michael Arthur and Demian Saffer Professors, The Pennsylvania State University - University Park, Patrick Belmont Assistant Professor, Utah State University.Team Lead: Maureen Feineman, Associate Professor, The Pennsylvania State University. How do we explain this pattern of global winds and how does it influence precipitation?We'll start at Earth's equator, where solar radiation is highest year around. This figure demonstrates how the wind moves at the surface as it related to Hadley cell circulation.Figure 26. But, because it does rotate, the rotation of the Earth leads to the Coriolis effect. On the other hand, sinking air creates high pressure at the surface where it descends. You should view the short video on this so-called "effect" or "force." The continual heating and rise of air at the equator create low pressure there, which causes air to move (wind) towards the equator to take the place of the air that rises. Air near the equator is warmed, and rises because it is less dense (mass/unit volume) than the air around it as shown in Figure 21 below.The rising air creates a circulation cell, called a Hadley Cell, in which the air rises and cools at high altitudes moves outward (towards the poles) and, eventually, descends back to the surface. Hadley Cells, shown as red circles, are formed as the air rises.Figure 23. As the rising air cools its capacity to hold water decreases (relative humidity increases) and, at some point, saturation with respect to water vapor is reached. How does this produce precipitation, and where? But, because it does rotate, the rotation of the Earth leads to the Coriolis effect. The collection is freely available and ready to be adapted by undergraduate educators across a range of courses including: The illustration below portrays the global wind belts, three in each hemisphere. How does this produce precipitation, and where?

The global circulation can be described as the world-wide system of winds by which the necessary transport of heat from tropical to polar latitudes is accomplished. Please send comments or suggestions on accessibility to the Figure 21. On the surface, wind moves away from high pressure (High) and toward low pressure (Low). As the rising air cools its capacity to hold water decreases (relative humidity increases) and, at some point, saturation with respect to water vapor is reached. The cells on either side of the Equator are called Hadley cells and give rise to the Trade Winds at Earth's surface. A gradient of pressure (high to low) is formed that causes air to flow away from the high and towards the low pressure at the surface.The Earth would have two large Hadley cells if it did not rotate. On the other hand, sinking air creates high pressure at the surface where it descends. Learning Designer: April Millet, The Pennsylvania State UniversityThis courseware module is part of Penn State's College of Earth and Mineral Sciences' Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a The College of Earth and Mineral Sciences is committed to making its websites accessible to all users, and welcomes comments or suggestions on access improvements. Global Wind Explained. The materials engage students in understanding the earth system as it intertwines with key societal issues. Convergence occurs near the equator (winds blow in towards one another) and Divergence occurs under the descending air that forms high-pressure belts. general education or majors courses in Earth-focused disciplines such as geoscience or environmental science, social science, engineering, and other sciences, as well as courses for interdisciplinary programs.These materials are part of a collection of classroom-tested modules and courses developed by InTeGrate.

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